The aluminum-containing species is more acidic.
What are the structures and the pKa values of chloric (HClO3) and chlorous (HClO2) acid? Predict if F will behave as an acid or a base in water? The increasing covalent character AD HBrO3 > H2SO4 > HNO2. 2.10ĭifference in electronegativities are AB 0.5, AD 2.5, BD 2.0, and AC 1.0. Multiple bonds are much stronger for period 2 elements than heavier elementsĢ.9 –483 kJ difference is smaller than expected because bond energies are not accurate. (c) There is no bond between the two atoms.Ģ(Si–O) = 932kJ > Si=O = 640kJ therefore two Si–O are preferred and SiO2 should (and does) have four single Si–O bonds. The configuration for the neutral C2 would be 1σg21σu2 1πu4. (a) trigonal planar (b) trigonal pyramidal (c) square pyramidal Radii of Period 4 and 5 d-metals are similar because of lanthanide contraction. (a) I1 increases across the row except for a dip at S (b) Ae tends to increase except for Mg (filled subshell), P (half filled subshell), and at AR (filled shell). The 1s electrons shield the positive charge form the 2s electrons. Since helium-4 is the basic building block, most additional fusion processes will produce nuclei with even atomic numbers. The higher value of I2 for Cr relative to Mn is a consequence of the special stability of halffilled subshell configurations and the higher Zeff of a 3d electron verses a 4s electron. ⎛1 1 ⎞ 7 −1 − ⎟ = 1.0974 X10 m 2 ⎝ 1 ∞2 ⎠Īdding another electron to C would result in the stable half filled p subshell. Removing the fifth electron requires a large increase in energy, indicating breaking into a complete subshell. The first four electrons are removed with gradually increasing values. Going down a group the atomic radius increases and the first ionization energy generally decreases.
The added p electron is in a different (p) orbital, so it is less shielded.
But what you have calculated is the mass difference, which in the case of a nuclear reaction is converted to energy. If you get a negative number, energy will be released. Take the summation of the rest masses of all the nuclei of the products minus the masses of the nuclei of the reactants. Answers to self-tests and exercises CHAPTER 1